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For subjects of both rank types, the higher the expectation of defection, the higher the probability of defecting.
The rate of defection was based only on votes attended.
First, cognitive openings are recurrent events and can catalyze defections when the group's ideology cannot resolve new issues.
Fear of future defection and exploitation, then, inhibits agreements in the present.
But because human representations of agency and intention include representations of false belief and deception, human society is forever under threat of moral defection.
Consequently, at low producer frequencies, the producers have a higher fitness than the non-producing defectors (cheaters are defectors that gain an advantage from defection).
That is, the computer would behave as if its choice were reinforced by the player's cooperation and punished by the player's defection.
This suggests that concern about junior defections when the party is in trouble is not an altogether new phenomenon.
Electoral security only reduces the potential costs of defection if there was a desire to defect for some other reason.
For example, states can develop international organizations that define what actions constitute cooperation and defection and that monitor states' compliance with these guidelines.
In particular, defection by a merchant is punished by having the defecting merchant get the payoff from autarky, which is zero.
The costs of such defection can be high.
The costs of defection can be very large for both senders and receivers.
Payoff from defection in that environment is obtained in the same way.
To analyse the adaptive learning process, we need expressions for expected payoffs from cooperation and defection in an environment.
