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So how does the group survive having the cheaters in its midst?
They include cognitive adaptations to detect cheaters, paired with behavioral propensities to punish those who violate principles of reciprocity, including third-party violators.
Consequently, at low producer frequencies, the producers have a higher fitness than the non-producing defectors (cheaters are defectors that gain an advantage from defection).
Co-operators need to be able to identify other co-operators, and to detect cheaters.
In this case only the cheated party needs to know the identity of the cheater to prevent future trade.
For good game-theoretic reasons co-operators will seek out other co-operators and try to avoid dealing with cheaters.
However, coaggregation of preferably only one cell per species would make the formation of cheater-less mixed-species groups fairly likely.
In reality individuals lie somewhere along a spectrum of honesty with pure cheaters at one end and pure cooperators at the other.
中文繁体
騙子, 作弊者…
More中文简体
骗子, 作弊者…
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estafador, -ora, tramposo/osa [masculine-feminine]…
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trapaceiro, -a…
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fraudeur/-euse [masculine-feminine], tricheur/-euse [masculine-feminine]…
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juksemaker [masculine], bedrager [masculine]…
MoreManaging Your Emotions
What makes me angry?
Какво ме ядосва?
Mostly，l hate when someone tries to make someone else feel bad.
Най-вече мразя, когато някой се опитва да накара някой друг да се чувства зле.
I have to admit that once, when l was actually called names.
Трябва да призная, че веднъж, когато наистина ме нарекоха.
l regretted doing this afterwards, but not full heartedly because l think l was provoked in that situation.
След това съжалявах, че го направих, но не искрено, защото смятам, че бях провокиран тази ситуация.
The most postive way of dealing with anger is talking about the problem.
Най-положителният начин за справяне с гнева е да говорите за проблема.
l talk to someone who listens, or l'll write my thoughts down on paper.
Говоря с някой, който ме слуша, или ще напиша мислите си на хартия.
Learning how to deal with anger as you're growing up is so important.
Да се научите как да се справяте с гнева, докато растете, е толкова важно.
When you're younger, you might yell,or cry when you're angry, but as you get older, you're expected to handle your emotions much better.
Когато си по-млад, може да крещиш или да плачеш, когато си ядосан, но когато остарееш, ти си се очаква да се справят с емоциите ви много по-добре.
Learning to control your emotion now will prevent you from doing something that you'll regret later on in life!
Ако се научите да контролирате емоциите си сега, ще ви попречи да направите нещо, което ще направите съжалявам по-късно в живота!
