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So how does the group survive having the cheaters in its midst?
They include cognitive adaptations to detect cheaters, paired with behavioral propensities to punish those who violate principles of reciprocity, including third-party violators.
Consequently, at low producer frequencies, the producers have a higher fitness than the non-producing defectors (cheaters are defectors that gain an advantage from defection).
Co-operators need to be able to identify other co-operators, and to detect cheaters.
In this case only the cheated party needs to know the identity of the cheater to prevent future trade.
For good game-theoretic reasons co-operators will seek out other co-operators and try to avoid dealing with cheaters.
However, coaggregation of preferably only one cell per species would make the formation of cheater-less mixed-species groups fairly likely.
In reality individuals lie somewhere along a spectrum of honesty with pure cheaters at one end and pure cooperators at the other.
Reciprocal altruism does not work in evolutionary terms if there are numerous cheaters.
When rare, cheater transcript would then be overrepresented relative to actual cheater copy number in the telomere, since cheaters would not transcribe their non-cheating neighbors.
In contrast, a cheater with a higher growth rate benefits from the economy of the others without paying the cost of a reduced growth rate.
Here, cyclic change keeps in check the cheater that does not produce ill-adapted offspring and therefore has a higher individuallevel fitness.
When individuals bilaterally punish cheaters, agents who are sufficiently patient cooperate and those who are not cheat.
For cheaters, the proof can be found on page 388.
Cooperative behaviour in the presence of cheaters constitutes altruism towards the cheaters.
