So how does the group survive having the cheaters in its midst?
They include cognitive adaptations to detect cheaters, paired with behavioral propensities to punish those who violate principles of reciprocity, including third-party violators.
Consequently, at low producer frequencies, the producers have a higher fitness than the non-producing defectors (cheaters are defectors that gain an advantage from defection).
Co-operators need to be able to identify other co-operators, and to detect cheaters.
In this case only the cheated party needs to know the identity of the cheater to prevent future trade.
For good game-theoretic reasons co-operators will seek out other co-operators and try to avoid dealing with cheaters.
However, coaggregation of preferably only one cell per species would make the formation of cheater-less mixed-species groups fairly likely.
In reality individuals lie somewhere along a spectrum of honesty with pure cheaters at one end and pure cooperators at the other.
中文繁体
騙子, 作弊者…
More中文简体
骗子, 作弊者…
MoreEspañol
estafador, -ora, tramposo/osa [masculine-feminine]…
MorePortuguês
trapaceiro, -a…
MoreFrançais
fraudeur/-euse [masculine-feminine], tricheur/-euse [masculine-feminine]…
MoreNorwegian
juksemaker [masculine], bedrager [masculine]…
More