Inoculated chickens and contact animals were housed within these compartments in pens with a solid floor with 1 cm of wood shavings.
In winter, animals were housed in a free-stall barn with a concrete slatted floor, and cubicles with wood shavings as bedding material.
All animals were housed in plastic cages containing wood shavings.
The broiler litter consisted of a mixture of chicken manure and pine shavings collected from commercial broiler production houses and composted in static windrows.
Bedding of wood shavings, to minimize existing moisture, was provided and replaced twice a week.
These amendments did not include the addition of oak shavings, however.
A major source of these residues is likely to be the use of treated wood used as shavings in bedding for farm animals and poultry.
Little shavings have been taken off corners, houses have been taken down here and a tree uprooted there.
