An additive effect is when predation by two predators is equal to the sum of prey removed by each individual predator alone.
Typically, an object of interest (such as a prey species) is of a different material than the background, and therefore it will affect light differently.
Permanent lakes contain fish, which preferentially prey upon large individuals.
The stems were prepared as described above, and infested with prey as for the mixed prey density treatment (iv) previously described.
These findings indicate that the large ganglionic neurons are output neurons to the descending motor pathway for both prey catching and avoidance behavior.
Observations on the vertical distribution of the biological control agents within substrate profiles, in the absence of prey, may be considered of limited value.
Occasionally, we observed jumping spiders preying on marked flies shortly after release.
Foraging on prey that are modified by parasites.
