0 a layer of cells in the roots and stems of some plants that divide to produce new tissue, such as xylem and phloem -- 形成层（木本植物根部和茎部的细胞层，其通过细胞分裂形成新的木质部和韧皮部）
The term bark is used here to refer collectively to vascular cambium, phloem, cortex and periderm.
Trees were classed as dead if they were leafless and with a complete ring of dead cambium at breast height.
Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between vegetative phenology and cambium growth.
Recently broken branch stumps were defined as those without shed bark or signs of cambium callus growth around the branch stump base.
Cells differentiated in the vertical axis in a manner similar to that of the fusiform initials of the vascular cambium.
Once the bark has dried to below 55% moisture content, larval penetration to the cambium and survival is greatly improved.
For each stem, the amount of bark (referring collectively to vascular cambium, phloem, cortex and epidermis) eaten by each weevil was measured after removing surface resin as described below.
Tree death was determined by an absence of foliage and lack of sap in the cambium.
