Most larvae of the above mentioned bird parasites are found in areas of lower salinity and can complete therefore their life cycle in brackish waters.
The infection process of mullets with these cercariae is discussed in relation to salinity conditions prevailing in a brackish water stream.
No psychrospheric (deep marine), brackish water or freshwater ostracods are known at this relatively early stage in ostracod evolution.
In fresh- or brackish-water aquaculture, this parasite causes severe losses, by inducing fish mortality and by reducing the commercial value of survivors.
Paragonimids are lung flukes of mammals (including humans) and utilise fresh or (rarely) brackish water snails and crustaceans as first and second intermediate hosts respectively.
Over time, as local conditions change, communities can change from marine and lagoonal systems to brackish mangrove estuaries and freshwater marsh.
The fissures 12, 13 and 16 that occur on the top quarried level were probably infilled by sediments in brackish water conditions.
In these brackish lagoons, maximum prevalence and lumen worm intensities occur each year in early summer (unpublished results).
