While democracy has to be embedded into the fabric of local governance, it is doubtful if chieftaincy can be modernized.
They attempted to modernize trusteeship without realizing that they enjoyed little in the way of an extensive state structure or easy access to civil society.
This result seems to be related to the exposure of women who work in the non-agricultural sector to modernizing influences, including the family planning programme.
I also outline the strengths and weaknesses of both styles of rhetoric and explain how recent presidents have modernized these approaches over time.
Finally, in the 1950s and after, the pastoral economy again vastly expanded and was modernized.
And even if failure was the dominant motif, how could this failure to modernize politically be squared with such outstanding achievements in the economic realm?
While friendly princes were assets, however, uncooperative ones could be liabilities; they might obstruct attempts to exploit their resources or to modernize their governments.
But "modernized" cultures need a form of symbolization in which particular kinds of cultural work can get done quickly and easily.
