Ví dụ về diphtheria

• By contrast, all the protagonists of diphtheria antitoxin serum insisted that it was a therapeutic treatment.

• Second, at the end of the nineteenth century, diphtheria was one of the most widespread infectious diseases.

• According to this model, the cost of diphtheria treatment was conceived as a risk that burdened neither the individual, nor the larger collective group.

• As with the diphtheria antitoxin production, standards and quality control were organized labinternally without state interference.

• The relationship between a "donation" or "contribution" and the provision of diphtheria antitoxin serum was a direct one and was usually stipulated in a contract.

• There is a striking contrast between this hasty launching of tuberculin and the careful launching of the diphtheria antitoxin three years later.

• The high levels of susceptibility to tetanus and diphtheria have two main causes.

• Total antibody against diphtheria was determined by passive haemagglutination.

• In both countries, diphtheria antitoxin serum was a prescription drug available only in pharmacies.

• Thus, unlike traditional vaccinations that essentially mimicked nature, diphtheria antitoxin serum was a child of the laboratory.

• To avoid diphtheria epidemics in the future the immunity among adults should be raised in the coming years.

• The evaluation of diphtheria serum became a blueprint for the evaluation of other sera that were developed after the turn of the century.

• The race to develop a diphtheria serum had come to a very similar conclusion, but had evolved out of two very different experimental systems.

• The selection criteria for population studies vary and so do the methods utilized for the determination of diphtheria antibodies.

• The changing epidemiology of diphtheria in the vaccine era.