In-row tillage methods for subsoil amendment and starter fertilizer application to conservation tilled-grain sorghum.
The soil type was a sandy-loam with a surface horizon underlain by a weakly-developed clayey, mottled and occasionally concretionary subsoil.
In their second year of development, most third instars overwintered in the subsoil (> 250 mm).
The top soil is about 45 cm in depth and the subsoil is stony.
The subsoil strata were similar in all cases.
Most soils are not fit for the cultivation of millet and sorghum because of impenetrable layers in the subsoil.
Pupation occurred in the subsoil and mean depth differed between sites by 100 mm.
The authors also propose management and prevention thresholds for tire inflation pressure where the carrying capacity of subsoil is used to determine acceptable wheel loads.
