This electric field reduces the penetration of the hot electrons, but also implies an enhanced joule heating of the bulk electrons.
Three joule meters measure the incident, transmitted and reflected pulse energies, respectively.
In the case of electrical (or joule) heating, heat transfer is dictated by the level of current applied.
By combining these values, one can obtain for a few hundred microns spot the necessary laser energy of about several hundred joules.
We defined the latter as the electron number in the plasma jet volume per one joule of the laser energy.
The reflected and transmitted energies were directly measured using joule meters.
It is measured in joules per kelvin.
The joule is accepted by scientists as being the correct unit for energy.
