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To sum up, the decommodifying effects of social policies are different for citizens and migrants across welfare regimes.
As the earlier areas of cocoa production in the south-east became less productive because of deforestation and declining yields, migrants moved further west.
Earnings also contribute less to the income packages of migrants than those of citizens.
Second, earnings comprise an even greater proportion of migrants' income package, a huge 80 per cent.
Retirement migrants are not homogeneous and the flows of people who move in later life include diverse personal and economic situations.
During earlier famines, rural households had relied heavily on remittances of male migrants working in distant places.
Third, they argue that class divisions among migrants and among established residents suggest that neither group is as homogenous as they are portrayed to be.
Also, all potential effects of fertility differentials between migrants and members of the incumbent population become immaterial.
The important question here is whether dissimilar social policy constructions account for the differences in migrants' ability to enjoy a socially acceptable standard of living.
In small-scale, egalitarian societies migrants played a similar role.
His elegant narrative is often accompanied by interesting anecdotes or folk tunes inspired by the various facets of the migrants' lives.
In fact, elderly migrants appear to be much more vulnerable to poverty than elderly citizens in several countries.
Conversely, there is greater utilisation of social assistance by migrants, and means-tested benefits form a larger component in their income packages compared with citizens.
Second, what are the stratifying effects of social policies for migrants and ethnic minorities?
If new forms of social services, adapted to the needs of older migrants, were developed, presumably they would use them.
