0 a group of similar independent companies who join together to control prices and limit competition -- (多家公司為控制價格和限制競爭聯合組成的)卡特爾,同業聯盟
an oil cartel 石油卡特爾
The question of cartels raises a particular issue of equivalence in the agricultural sector because there are no obvious parallels, at least amongst agricultural producers.
This legal offensive pushed the union into even more political activity, and the union's counterattack revealed the contours of the cartel in greater clarity.
The trust, then, constituted an alternative to the cartel for some kinds of industries (oil, steel, and sugar refining, to name notable examples).
However, this is not the consequence of a thorough discussion about the adequacy of cartel treatment on different jurisdictional levels.
Their weak formal position in cartel policy should further erode their willingness to reduce their powers in merger control.
Hence, at a second look, the recent reform in cartel policy fits much better into the pattern of interest-driven competence allocation.
This may well lead to public providers exiting from above-tariff services, leaving the potential for private cartels to form in particular areas of treatment.
Deciding on tariffs, patents, licenses, taxes, cartels, entry-barriers, the state is simultaneously skewing the exercise of property rights from one elite to another.