Interestingly, the margins of the columns are much better laminated than the cores, suggesting that sediment abrasion may have influenced the column texture.
Scarification by heat, acid treatments, bleach, oxidizing gases and mechanical abrasion are some of the traditional procedures known to elicit germination.
We may be just looking at abrasion of sand grains and water.
The risk was higher if the contact was barefooted or the subject had any skin cut or abrasion.
A negative value indicates loss of soil (by abrasion) from that group.
The first stage involved abrasion of the seeds with sand paper.
No contact between leaflets and fabric in the open position, preventing tissue abrasion.
Following gentle abrasion, a small amount of electrolytic conducting gel was added into each site.
