The mean value is subtracted from each series.
Two transverse derivatives were measured by subtracting the signals of two parallel wires which were set 0-2mm apart.
As with the religious context measure, procedures of summing within households, subtracting the respondents' values, and recoding were utilized to create the measure.
The experimental measure for this group is high because this measure subtracts medical costs, which are very high for elderly people, from income.
It is not the case that there is some mysterious essence of ownership that remains after all the authorized legal activities are subtracted from it.
This is a test of how much influence opinion leaders have after subtracting the residual network influence.
From this ranking, those processes ranked as the "worst" contributors are subtracted from the design to produce a series of new, modified designs.
This requires adding voices rather than subtracting them.
