One could speak, with the troubadours, of the invention of new traditions which would eventually formalise certain cultural ideals of the aristocracy and become what we call 'courtly love'.
Courtly poetry, however, must be put in the context of other types of sources.
Courtly literature, then, needs to be read not as a mirroring but as mediating needs and tensions within courtly society.
The musical repertoire used in the religious ceremonies has fared better than its courtly counterpart.
In the courtly world, self-restraint was a mark of freedom.
Illumination of differences might further define regional or courtly styles.
We are now in a position to examine the wine poem's logic of de-sublimation, which counters the logic of the courtly panegyric.
In his view, the group, courtly society, is present in this refrain not as participant but as addressee.
