0 (a sum of) money paid by a government etc to an industry etc that needs help, or to farmers etc to keep the price of their products low -- เงินสนับสนุน
farming subsidies.
However, retaliation against implicit environmental subsidies is not permitted under these rules.
If the project generates financial revenues, but they are lower than for purely commercial investments, then perhaps an interest rate subsidy would be most appropriate.
The politically popular fertilizer subsidies are generally disappointing and should be replaced by market-smart grants or by institutional reforms.
In success cases, government expenditure on subsidies, social transfers and wages remain relatively constant and revenues increase.
For these reasons, technology policies are preferred as long as improved stoves save wood as expected, are acceptable to villagers, and subsidy costs are reasonable.
The true extend of cross subsidies is often difficult to measure.
Moreover, some solutions involved redistributive elements, either because they were not fiscally neutral or because they introduced subsidies for renewable energy sources.
By the end of the 1980s, the total sum of subsidies for music had reached a new high.
