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a presidential election.
Thus, the re-polarization of congressional elections lagged behind the polarization of national presidential politics.
The average of these regional volatilities of presidential elections is 29.05%, whereas that of the other regions is 16.59%.
Presidential systems are coded 1 if the populace directly elects the chief executive and 0 otherwise.
In the presidential election example given above only the elected candidate will actually act like president.
For both issues, the divergence between presidential and congressional elections becomes apparent from around 1964.
In all cases, those agencies insulated from presidential control at their creation are more durable than other agencies.
Individual decisions to insulate agencies from presidential control collectively and cumulatively are making the bureaucracy more difficult for presidents to manage over time.
While not as insulating as longer terms, they still serve to insulate administrative actors from presidential direction.
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