0 an organization of people who do the same job or have the same aims or interests. -- สมาคมอาชีพ
1 a medieval association of merchants or craftsmen. -- สมาคมพ่อค้าหรือช่างฝีมือ
It was a significant political problem especially for the guilds, because in their view it was a severe encroachment on their corporate liberties.
There, he had created voluntary guilds to alleviate the artisan's distress due to the introduction of freedom of trade.
One group that disliked debasements included the guild members, shopkeepers, small merchants, and wage-earning artisans.
A large overlap existed between the guild members and the janissaries after the latter began to moonlight as artisans and shopkeepers in the 17th century.
The species responding to baits represent a relatively small sample of the meliponine guild, and may be biased to include foraging generalists, rather than specialists.
Notions of the liberty of guilds, burghers and even migrants remained an obstacle.
Only those with influence in the city, guild and parish were handed keys, and only a few keys opened each chest or door.
Nevertheless, differences in guild policies were considerable, and hence also the ways husbands and wives cooperated in the urban market trades.
