While an effectively applied means-tested benefit could be regarded as more cost-efficient for poverty prevention, avoiding leakages to the ' non-poor', its comparative advantage for distributional purposes is less clear.
The fear of high leakage in forest options, often neglected in energy options, is consistently put forward to block these opportunities.
The major issue was not to win converts but to stem leakage.
A more sealed lid should be considered for future developments, as small leakages could have adversely balanced many pressure gradients, and inhibited attachment of the fluid jet.
The process will continue, and with each stage the amount of income passed on to others in the circular flow will be reduced by leakages of taxation, saving, and imports.
The management of the economy through fiscal policy is assisted by the multiplier which magnifies any injection of expenditures or leakages of income into or out of the circular flow.
As regards the consumer subsidies on food crops and water and electricity, they were not confined to low-income groups, and there were considerable leakages to middle- and upper-income groups.
A similar effect takes place when the government changes the rate at which taxation is levied because such changes alter the proportion of additional income which is absorbed by leakages.
