Granivores were even able to locate seeds from which dung beetles had removed the surrounding faeces.
Endozoochorous dispersal can affect seed viability through the digestion process and also after defecation, when seeds are returned to the soil amongst the dung.
This species is a conspicuous north temperate dung-breeding fly that is common on and around livestock dung, especially in spring months.
First, emergence in dung from treated cattle was lower than that observed for untreated cattle.
Colonization of experimental pats by dung beetles after three weeks was expected to be minimal.
Other mechanisms, including resource partitioning are likely to play a greater role in maintaining the diversity of dung beetle assemblages in the region.
The dung produced as a result was more fertile than ordinary types.
For each collection day and cattle group the dung was thoroughly mixed and then frozen until needed.
