Many organic vegetable and fruit farmers said that they irrigate to guard against production risks.
The development of the dry-field direct-seeding and dry nursery methods made it possible to expand cultivated land into areas that were badly irrigated.
Thereafter, individual plants were irrigated with nutrient solutions altered in one of four ways to induce a diversity of nutritional stress symptoms in the plants.
The farmers in our study area, as is common in areas irrigated by electric pumps with free or fixed power cost, use acreage-based water rates.
Seventeen users reported irrigating at least twice a week.
Plots receiving the drought treatment were also irrigated every 2 weeks until 30 days before anthesis, when water was withdrawn.
The environmental costs and economic value of water associated with the lowland irrigated agriculture are estimated using both the direct and indirect economic valuation approaches.
A large part of their acreage was irrigated to ensure their production would meet the quality demands of their buyers.
