The ultra-poor's receipt of remittances compensated for their lack of adult labour and/or physical incapacitation, which prevented them from relying heavily on ganyu labour.
The survey shows that 15% of households no longer receive remittances or hear from migrant relations.
Farming households' earnings from agricultural exports and remittances have decreased.
Of course, emigration yields remittances, at least for a time, and in many cases these are critical for a minimal material standard of living.
The data available for the two years included a different subset of central transfers as well as the regional tax remittances.
Besides remittances, children are regularly in contact with their families by mobile phone.
Already by the 1930s, the remittances of migrant workers were considered to be the lifeblood of the local society.
The remittances derived from family members working elsewhere form an important source of income for many households.
