The remaining insecticide-susceptible aphids could then more easily be controlled with an application of any aphicide that is less damaging to non-target species.
Life-history cost associated with the evolution of insecticide resistance.
These insecticide savings become even more pronounced when commercial product concentrations are converted into amounts of active ingredients.
Many smallholders do not use insecticides at all, so that they suffer significant pest-related yield losses.
Comparisons were done across all insecticide and crop mixture treatments, between leaves and tips and varieties.
This suggests that additional organophosphate products were used by farmers at times of high insecticide use.
The lack of early or mid-season insecticide stress in organic cotton may have favored naturally occurring biological control of cotton aphid16.
For this reason, reliance on insecticides as the sole means of managing infestations was considered at best a short term solution.
