Contoh urethral

• These changes are attributed to decreased urethral vascularization, to a decrease in alpha-adrenergic receptors and to smooth muscle tissue atrophy.

• The aim of initial investigations therefore is to identify the group of infants at greatest risk - principally boys with urethral valves or severe primary reflux.

• Because of the morbidity and cost of invasive surgery, there have also been attempts to increase urethral resistance by more conservative measures.

• This would lead to decreased urethral closure pressure, predisposing the patient to the appearance of stress incontinence.

• There is general consensus that maximum urethral pressure, maximum urethral closure and length of the functional urethra decrease with age in women.

• The lower urethral pressure may not compensate for the rise in intravesical pressure in pregnancy.

• Urethral pressure is maintained at a higher rate during filling, by contraction of muscle fibres within the bladder neck and urethra.

• If faecal loading and urethral obstruction due to prostatic hypertrophy have been excluded, then use of intermittent catheterization should be considered.

• Other neurological disease, or bladder disease (lithiasis, neoplasia, infection), or bladder-outlet obstruction (prostatic hyperplasia, urethral stenosis) may also be contributory.

• When the urethral atrophy is extensive, the patient may notice an urge sensation.

• Three had increases in bladder capacity, a fall in bladder pressure at capacity and increase in urethral pressure.

• Caesarean section was associated with a decrease in the internal core of the urethral sphincter but not the rhabdosphincter.

• Conventional micturating cystourethrography remains the gold standard for initial evaluation since, unlike indirect isotope cystography, it permits urethral visualisation and grading of reflux.

• It is probably multifactorial but related largely to nerve damage and/or an alteration in the physiology and structure of the urethral sphincter.

• Incontinence results when the intravesical pressure exceeds the pressure exerted by the urethral sphincter.