Contoh pulmonary

• For the arterial trunks, this is an easy matter, since the pattern of branching permits ready distinction of an aorta from a pulmonary trunk.

• This embolized to the pulmonary artery, was retrieved and replaced with an 8 mm coil.

• This surgical approach is straightforward in its application, and reduces the impact of anomalies of systemic and pulmonary venous connection.

• In conclusion, otherwise unexplained hemoptysis should raise the question of pulmonary venous atresia.

• Rather than simply closing the septal defect, relieving the pulmonary stenosis, and performing an atrial switch, univentricular repair was preferred in these patients.

• The baffle directing the pulmonary venous blood to the tricuspid, and the systemic venous blood to the mitral valve, could be identified in all patients.

• Ventilation was required for four days after the operation, after which the pulmonary edema had resolved.

• Within one week, the child clinically improved; pulmonary function were normal after 6 weeks and radiographic abnormalities resolved.

• Clues to the aetiology of the disease have been suggested by environmental stimuli associated with the development of severe pulmonary hypertension.

• Pulmonary veins draining wholly to the ductus arteriosus (case 2).

• Nevertheless, severe pulmonary hypertension and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance were present.

• The pressure elastic modulus of the pulmonary trunk was abnormally high (>120) in most (13114) patients even relatively early after the operation.

• In patients without pulmonary stenosis, the systolic pulmonary arterial pressure increased concomitantly with the pressure elastic modulus.

• The repair consisted of double patch closure of the septal defect, reconstruction of two atrioventricular orifices, and relief of pulmonary stenosis at all levels.

• Associated malformations are frequent, and include pulmonary stenosis or atresia, atrial or ventricular septal defects and, more rarely, atrioventricular septal defect.