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It was a significant political problem especially for the guilds, because in their view it was a severe encroachment on their corporate liberties.
There, he had created voluntary guilds to alleviate the artisan's distress due to the introduction of freedom of trade.
One group that disliked debasements included the guild members, shopkeepers, small merchants, and wage-earning artisans.
A large overlap existed between the guild members and the janissaries after the latter began to moonlight as artisans and shopkeepers in the 17th century.
The species responding to baits represent a relatively small sample of the meliponine guild, and may be biased to include foraging generalists, rather than specialists.
Notions of the liberty of guilds, burghers and even migrants remained an obstacle.
Only those with influence in the city, guild and parish were handed keys, and only a few keys opened each chest or door.
Nevertheless, differences in guild policies were considerable, and hence also the ways husbands and wives cooperated in the urban market trades.
For the overall feeding guild and body mass niche matrix, 14 of the 21 cells are occupied by more than one species.
These surveys highlight the existence of a rich natural enemy guild that is keeping the pest in check in its natural habitat.
Seasonal variation of foraging niches in a guild of passerine birds in a cork-oak woodland.
But the attitudes of the guilds towards illicit work, and accordingly the significance they attached to this problem, changed noticeably over time.
Although assigning parasite species to guilds remains highly speculative, acanthocephalans and cestodes, as absorbers, are interpreted here as members of the same feeding guild.
It was not paying enough to be taken up by specialist weavers and thus subjected to guild-like barriers.
The two dominant guilds were detritivores and predators, together comprising approximately 80% of the animal assemblages.