The men's rapid deterioration was attracting widespread concern in much the same way colliery explosions had in the first half of the nineteenth century.
The loss of mine, machinery, and manpower in colliery explosions released a 'runaway train ' of social progress.
And once opened, an average colliery had to employ between two hundred and five hundred men and boys.
The operators and their champions in the legal profession did everything possible to deny responsibility for the wave of deaths and injuries in their collieries.
By all accounts, the colliery venture turned out to be very profitable.
Ventilation, too, was now to be entirely the responsibility of the colliery; a colliery could be closed down if the air was bad.
Most of his paintings depict scenes from colliery life with moving, often brutal, realism.
A self-taught artist, who worked in a colliery for only a short period, his experiences there were seared indelibly on his memory.
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