0 a verb that describes a state and not an action:
"Be", "seem", and "understand" are stative verbs.
A theme is denoted by a stative verb, whereas a patient is denoted by a dynamic verb.
For example, if there is a stative verb "to be large", the causative will simply mean "to enlarge", "to make grow".
Here "be" is not a stative verb, so may occur in progressive forms.
To indicate that this final state has been achieved, the stative verb, which is related to the perfect, is used.
In some cases, its only function is to make a sentence predicated with a stative verb more polite.
One difference is that survive is a stative verb, much like the verbs "to be" and "to have," as opposed to an action verb such as defend.
Predicates involving a stative verb are acceptable only to the extent that they admit a non-stative reading.
In the examples we have seen, -zhe is attached to the main stative verb.
