Infections were carried out by providing each copepod with 6 parasite larvae (coracidia) for ingestion.
There is also no evidence that high levels of ungulate ingestion and seed dispersal negatively affect levels of bruchid predation in subsequent years (10).
From there they are secreted into the gut lumen following ingestion of host blood and liver tissue where they carry out a digestive role.
Body size was not related to ingestion of parasites, but was positively correlated to activity.
After ingestion, larvae might either be expelled with vomit or stools, or penetrate the wall of the gastrointestinal tract.
Definitive hosts are fish and infection is through ingestion of metacercariae.
The presence of a variety of metabolites in the bile provides the opportunity for uptake by both diffusion and oral ingestion.
Ingestion of faeces by grazing herbivores - risk of inter-species disease transmission.
