0 a situation in which investors sell shares in a foreign company back to investors who live in that country. Flowbacks usually take place because of a merger between two companies in different countries that makes the shares in the original company less attractive to foreign investors.
The disposal of flowback from fracking operations with the use environmentally toxic chemicals in injection wells is currently not justifiable due to lack of knowledge of the risks involved.
As the fracturing process proceeds, viscosity reducing agents such as oxidizers and enzyme breakers are sometimes then added to the fracturing fluid to deactivate the gelling agents and encourage flowback.
The vacuum multi-effect membrane distillation system as a more effective treatment system has been proposed for treatment of flowback.
In this case the discharge valve has a non-return function which prevents flowback from the pressure line.
After the flowback is recovered, formation water, usually brine, may continue to flow to the surface, requiring treatment or disposal.
When flowback fluid is not accepted in the local state or waste water treatment facilities they can be shipped for disposal in injection wells.
Increases in seismic activity following hydraulic fracturing are usually caused by the deep-injection disposal of flowback and produced brine from hydraulically fractured wells.
The net cost will be much less than this because of savings in unemployment benefit and the flowback of tax and national insurance contributions.
