If the pupil reacts to light, then the cause is likely to be non-surgical, and a diabetic vascular mononeuropathy is the commonest cause.
In most instances, however, the defects are part of a more complex malformation, so opportunities for non-surgical closure will be rare.
The recruiting advertisement and letter of introduction indicated to participants that the study entailed an examination of older women's perceptions of non-surgical cosmetic procedures.
We conclude that non-surgical management of pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum is safe and effective and should be considered as the treatment of choice.
This was not a problem in our second case, who we consider to have undergone complete non-surgical correction of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum.
Neither of these strategies is without complications, and a reliable non-pharmacological, non-surgical alternative method of maintainingflowthrough the arterial duct may simplify the management.
The non-surgical treatment of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum represents an exciting new area in the field of interventional cardiac catheterisation.
This effect has not been reported in studies of non-surgical treatment methods.
