Examples of hypoglossal

• Some neurons of the hypoglossal nucleus appeared to have failed to differentiate.

• Yet another fossil clue comes from the hypoglossal canal at the base of the tongue.

• The artery or its branches enter the cranium through jugular foramen, foramen magnum or hypoglossal canal.

• Also, it projects to the facial nucleus, hypoglossal nucleus and parabrachial area along with parts of the caudal parvocellular reticular formation.

• The function of the hypoglossal nerve in manipulation for speech contributes to learning languages.

• The jugular notch may be divided into two by a bony spicule, the intrajugular process, which projects lateralward above the hypoglossal canal.

• The hypoglossal nerve has been displaced downward in this preparation.

• At the base of the skull the glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves lie between the artery and the internal jugular vein.

• The lower sternocleidomastoid branch passes inferio-external to the hypoglossal nerve before descending into the substance of the muscle to which its name is derived.

• Sometimes the descending branch of the hypoglossal nerve is contained within the sheath.

• Their axons project down to the bulbar/spinal motor systems, such as the hypoglossal nucleus which harbors the motor neurons of the tongue muscles.

• This nucleus has been known to innervate the caudal hypoglossal nucleus, and responds to glutamateric stimuli.

• There is anastomosis with accessory nerve, hypoglossal nerve and sympathetic trunk.

• This so-called nucleus raphes obscurus has also been implicated in the modulation of the hypoglossal nerve.

• The most severely affected muscles include facial muscles and the tongue (which may develop a twitch due to hypoglossal nerve paralysis).