Examples of ganglia

• It has long been recognized that classification of the basal ganglia system strictly as motor is untenable.

• Furthermore, thalamic inputs can also gain access to basal ganglia output nuclei via subthalamo-pallidal projecting neurons, neurons receiving glutamatergic thalamo-subthalamic projections.

• In addition to these behavioral differences, preterm children exhibited lower regional brain volumes in the cortex, ventricles, basal ganglia, amygdala, hippocampus, and corpus callosum.

• They grow posteriorly from the lateral nerve ganglia into the developing neck region with cell bodies concentrated around their growing tips.

• It receives many inputs from the periphery (sensory), cerebellum and basal ganglia.

• One of these consists of the pathways connecting the basal ganglia with the mesencephalic optic tectum.

• This has been suggested to result in disruption of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits leading to obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

• There are indications that separate operations in procedural learning are affected by damage to the frontal lobes, basal ganglia, and cerebellum.

• Thus, basal ganglia receive a major input from the dorsal thalamus, as in amphibians.

• In the intact ganglia, satellite cells are tightly apposed to neurons and have a distinct morphology that permits clear identification.

• Intense staining was also detected in the cells of the ventral and dorsal ganglia located between the nerve ring and the pharyngeal gland cells.

• However, due to lack of specific investigation of basal ganglia in catatonia, both assumptions remain speculative.

• They base their hypothesis on clinical evidence that basal ganglia dysfunction allows slow idling cortical rhythms to predominate.

• This would also seem to implicate the basal ganglia in on-line control.