Examples of counterfactual

• They compare actual income distributions in 2018 to a counterfactual that assumes incomes had continued to keep pace with growth in per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

• We can solve this missing data problem by constructing counterfactuals: how much a college graduate would earn if she had chosen to be a high school graduate.

• You can't prove a counterfactual such as the claim that if there had been video, that officer never would have been charged.

• A counterfactual is a mental simulation where you think about something that happened, and then imagine an alternate ending.

• In political science, the task is more difficult, and requires either comparative analysis or the careful use of counterfactual scenarios.

• Counterfactual simulations are also presented to highlight what might happen if things take a different turn.

• This is so because strong indifference is now ascertained by means of a counterfactual situation.

• Even in the absence of empirical evidence a counterfactual argument always presumes a pattern of covariational evidence.

• The problem is that given such a broad definition it is difficult to imagine a counterfactual conditional for stakeholder.

• For that judgment we must rely on complex counterfactual judgments about whether and to what extent a different pattern of politics is possible.

• The interpretation is also imaginary for all spaces embedded in counterfactual or other distanced spaces.

• Similarly, at the time at which counterfactual statements are true, it is not required that the circumstances or actions referred to actually exist.

• Although this may seem self-evident, it is a crucial limit on our ability to develop compelling counterfactual scenarios.

• The tradeoff allows counterfactual paths with a lower likelihood of the business-cycle index remaining fixed, rather than allowing variation in the counterfactual business-cycle index.

• Explanations of such occurrences as inattention or neglect can, of course, verge on counterfactual history, with all its potential hazards.

• Gauging ' ' the impact of domestic politics ' ' necessitates positing a counterfactual foreign policy uninfluenced by such factors.

• It also requires that we follow some basic ground-rules for historical comparison and counterfactual analysis.

• Both involve a counterfactual situation that could, if somehow realized, yield important information.

• Initially, it was also assumed that, unlike if-conditionals, unless-sentences with counterfactual (or irrealis) meanings are not acceptable.