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This was used to determine the potential for gibbons to disperse seeds throughout their home range.
In this study, we estimated dispersal distances and deposition sites of seeds swallowed by two gibbon groups, using gut transit times and daily ranging patterns.
Both groups visited all 0.25-ha quadrats within their home range over the study period, indicating that gibbons potentially disperse seeds throughout their home range.
All scats and gibbon feeding trees were mapped.
There are several aspects of gibbon behaviour that may influence seed deposition in both positive and negative ways.
Our aim was to determine how three aspects of gibbon behaviour (revisitation of fruiting plants, daily and monthly ranging behaviour) influenced the final location of dispersed seeds.
The location of sleeping trees, fruit trees fed on by the gibbons, collected scats, and the extent of home ranges were plotted on maps of the study site.
Minimum gut retention times were recorded for 13 seed species, for which the first recorded feeding bout was on the third day of gibbon follows.
Behavioural patterns had relatively little influence on seed deposition by gibbons in the two studied groups.
Once an effect of group, source visitation, time or month was ascertained we also investigated aspects of gibbon feeding and ranging behaviour that may explain the effect.
Hence, we used gut retention times observed for the two gibbon groups and movement patterns to predict where seeds swallowed in each feeding bout would eventually be deposited.
Intragroup and intergroup social interactions in white-handed gibbons.
Gibbon's massive work, first published between 1776 and 1788, needs no introduction.
The gibbon-generated seed shadow was profoundly altered by post-dispersal events and variation in the characteristics of the shadow had little lasting impact on the probability of seeds germinating.
Actual dispersal distances (from parent tree to deposition site) were usually impossible to measure due to the simultaneous use of multiple individuals of each food species by the gibbons.
