In contrast, when eco-forestry is unsubsidized, groups meeting their own set-up costs, the returns per hectare are still positive but very modest.
In the situation where oil palm is an option, following logging, the returns per hectare of forest converted are much superior to subsidized eco-forestry.
The operations are set up to cut timber from 1,000 hectares of rainforest in an ecologically sustainable manner.
This largely determined the maximum of ten hectares (arable equivalent) and ensured that only symbolic holdings would be given to farm workers lacking ownership claims.
Finally, growing trees for energy would reduce another 2.2 tons of carbon per hectare in the village facility and 3.6 tons in the centralized facility.
The model examines the net revenue per hectare of the four most important crops in the country.
We argue that mobile pastoral systems are more economically efficient than sedentary systems, with higher overall returns per hectare but lower productivity per animal.
In addition, the 'wealth effect' of transfers counteracts the 'freeing-up effect', which implies that per unit of subsidy fewer hectares of tropical forest are protected.
