This war of position for a popular, pluralistic, and participatory nationalism was lost as the military gradually tightened its authoritarian rule through the 1950s.
The councils followed on the other hand a multilayered, participatory model in their attempt to involve all resident burghers in government.
Yet working within a participatory framework also continues to offer the possibility of empowerment, emancipation and the expansion of direct political engagement.
The other approach evaluated was a long-ter m strategy of watershed-based, participatory action research.
Based on past research there are reasons to doubt whether class identification has an independent effect on participatory orientations.
In this sense, it points to a hitherto ignored facet of participatory mechanisms; the importance of different kinds of knowledge being transferred between groups.
The strong creative participatory work and continuous exchange with the pupils made the refurbishment an extraordinary assignment.
The participatory design methods include brainstorming, storyboarding, workshops, pencil and paper exercises.
