In the secondary forests and the recently logged forest, following the standard practice for dipterocarp replanting projects, vines and herbaceous weeds were cut before planting.
Above-ground biomass of herbaceous plants was measured using the quadrat method.
A high sapling density and a dense herbaceous layer characterize the forest floor.
Removal of the tropical forest is clearly evident and is not the result of suppression by increased herbaceous representation.
A resilient forest, maintaining a diverse ground cover of shrubs and herbaceous species, requires a mixed fire regime.
Trees represented the most diverse life form (124 spp), followed by herbs (101 spp), lianas (85), shrubs (66), herbaceous climbers epiphytes (15) and parasites (two).
Besides reducing erosion, perennial herbaceous legumes may also increase water infiltration in the soil9.
The diet of the young colonies mainly comprised herbaceous plants.
