Even among men over 70 more than 40 per cent were gainfully employed, which reflects the absence of a system of pensions and compulsory retirement in this period.
In general, the census data allow one to suppose that the increase in the proportion of gainfully employed urban citizens continued during the whole period under study.
Most of the respondents (77.3 %) were gainfully employed.
In contrast, when they are not ' gainfully employed ' they are seen as dependent, and lack status in society.
The tables distinguish between the gainfully employed and those who were maintained by others or the state, or, more rarely, those who were self-supporting.
Many more men were gainfully employed than women.
A ' phase of reproduction ' of the metropolitan model was gainfully followed by reinvention of policy in a local context.
Both gainfully employed and non-employed members of households could work on these plots.
