Patients also exhibit neural activation in brain regions associated with pain perception in response to nonpainful stimuli in such areas as the prefrontal, supplemental motor, insular, and cingulate cortices.
Burst firing induced in midbrain dopamine neurons by stimulation of the medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices.
In these studies, more activity has been measured in medial prefrontal, orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices, thalamus, midbrain, hypothalamus, and striatum in response to infant cry versus control noise conditions.
The exploratory search in the entire brain volume exposed additional overactivity in patients in the left superior parietal, medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices.
