Generalist predators, such as spiders, ants and ladybirds, occurred on the willows but were never observed attacking the eggs.
In the present study, there were several willow stands with relatively low densities of both heteropteran predators and leaf beetles.
With extensive willow beds this method of control presents some difficulty, since only part of the crop could be handled in the period suggested.
The maximum difference between observed and predicted survival in willow stands was 0.053, indicating a reasonably good model fit.
A courtyard opens out, with a willow tree, and a bonsai pine.
Forest willows are surrounded by many trees and, thereby, many possible over-wintering sites.
The predator was more abundant on farmland willows and is probably the main reason for the difference in egg survival between the two habitats.
The moss was burnt off the willow stocks and in some cases the heat discoloured and even damaged the bark of the stocks.
