Jute soles typically include fully or partially vulcanized rubber beneath the jute soles for long-lasting espadrille shoes.
This is in contrast to solid silicone rubber materials that are purchased pre-mixed and partially vulcanized.
The wrist cuffs are also made of vulcanized rubber.
A product very similar to vulcanized fibre is leatheroid.
Common substrates are paper, cloth, vulcanized fiber, and plastic films and come in grit sizes range from very coarse (2 mm) to ultrafine (submicrometre).
K-55 cushions have cloth, usually canvas, vulcanized into the top of the rubber to adjust rebound accuracy and speed.
Failed products can be examined with many of the generic polymer methods, although it is more difficult if the sample is vulcanized or cross-linked.
Air bladder construction varies from a simple polyethylene bag to internally baffled, multiple chambers of latex (vulcanized rubber) or vinyl with bonded cotton exteriors.
