0 a number or variable (= mathematical symbol) or the result of multiplying two or more numbers or variables
At least one monomial is activated in an essential step.
An f -value of v can be due to a single monomial of degree 1 or to many monomials of large degree.
Considering a single monomial, the substring containing the corresponding bits is initialized randomly.
For a monomial of degree d, the current state can be identified with the number of ones among the variables of the monomial.
A similar argument works for a monomial in which two of the exponents are the same.
We are interested in the probability that each monomial has been activated (all bits are set to 1) within this period.
For each other monomial, the probability of being activated is at most 1/2.
These steps are called essential with respect to the considered monomial.
