While political considerations were clearly vital to politicians' implementation decisions, these illiberal initiatives were developed, framed and delivered by policy elites.
In the process of instructing the world, they developed a political culture that nourishes both liberal dreams and illiberal monsters.
Each of these threats - and many others - provoked distinctly illiberal rules and prohibitions.
Yet the illiberal tendencies of these early modern tolerationists should not surprise us.
Finally, the association is also accused of espousing illiberal views in the field of personal rights.
Or perhaps not, since the silencing argument does not succeed even on illiberal terms.
In short, this is a guided democracy, a sort of 'illiberal democracy'.
In these regimes, the erosion of rights associated with illiberal democracy does not appear to have taken place.
