0 a chemical that is used to destroy plants, especially weeds
With all herbicides banned, manual weeding is usually a considerable cost factor in organic coffee production.
Each farmer decides the rotation, and the amount and the time of application of fertilizers and herbicides.
In other words, the technological fix of herbicide-resistant crops is transient, requiring continual reinvigoration by more advanced technology.
The most important genetically engineered crops that have been introduced contained genes encoding insect resistance and herbicide tolerance; they were soybean, maize, cotton and canola.
Given the erosion potential, environmental concerns associated with herbicides, and herbicideresistant weeds, alternative cropping systems that mitigate these problems need to be assessed economically.
The former allow farmers to increase herbicide applications without risking damage to their crops, while the latter run the risk of creating pesticide immune pests.
This increased yields for the life-time of the plantation while also permitting a more effective subsequent deployment of fertilisers and herbicides.
The pre-emergence herbicide was used every year uniformly to all the treatments to control weeds.
