0 something, for example a gene or substance, that shows that a particular biological process or condition is present:
Such a system would ultimately report biomarker expression as molecules per-cell or unit-area.
This suggests that small amounts of kerogen may be used as a biomarker for silicified filamentous features composed primarily of oxide minerals.
Molecular biology techniques based on the specificity of biological recognition (bio-affinity) have been extensively developed for biomarker detection (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, other metabolites).
The majority of these studies have employed proteomics as a tool for biomarker discovery rather than for the exploration of underlying molecular mechanisms.
Unfortunately, the coverage was brief and confined to ' ' conventional ' ' planetary instrumentation only, but nonetheless stressed the difficult nature of biomarker definition.
This paper presents a simple mathematical model for gas-phase biomarker release and compares it to experimental data from endolithic microbial communities.
However, parasites which also affect the physiological homeostasis of their hosts, and thus may alter biomarker reactions, are usually ignored in environmental research.
Various concentrations of b-carotene in the matrix were investigated to determine the detection limits of this biomarker.
